.Image d'autrefois d'une salle de classe, le jour de la leçon d'écriture : la dictée proposée est un exercice scolaire servant à tester les performances des élèves (et parfois des adultes) en matière d'Orthographe et de Grammaire (et de connaissance des mots pièges et rares comme ceux de la fameuse dictée de Mérimée, commandée à l'écrivain par l'impératrice Eugénie en 1857 ) . Il s'agit de la rédaction, bien sûr, mais également de l'élocution, ici celle de la maîtresse durant une lecture lente, où elle fait bien sonner l'articulation des mots et des liaisons , puis d'une lecture plus rapide, lors de la relecture finale du texte d'un bout à l'autre .
B - .L'attention volontaire : l'aperception ; souvenance ; impassibilité :maîtrise de soi .
1 -L'aperception : (une des formes de l'attention , prise de conscience réfléchie de l'objet de la perception , appréhension: fait de saisir par l'esprit, compréhension) .Forme de l'attention qui se cultive.
Chacun le mesure dans la vie de tous les jours . Or, elle est indispensable dans toutes les occupations , les savoirs-faire, les métiers , pratiques et/ou intellectuels . Dans le propre intérêt des apprenants , il est donc nécessaire de l'entraîner aussi chez les élèves, et précocement . En vue de réussir ce processus, cette opération , il est indispensable au départ, de leur assurer des conditions qui vont permettre cet entraînement de l'attention . Le silence, la non agitation des jeunes enfants sont au nombre de ces conditions nécessaires . Et l'effort demandé (et nécessairement expliqué dans ces conséquences) doit être de durée chaque fois croissante .
L'entraînement de l'attention peut se réaliser lors de l'observation de la nature, dans les jeux et dans le maniement des outils et des machines . Mais il doit également intervenir, dans le domaine de la maîtrise des textes , des enseignements historiques, géographiques, géologiques et biologiques . Il doit, bien entendu, prendre part à la pratique de tous les Arts .
2 -La mémorisation, cette mémoire de toute nos sensations et ensuite de nos perceptions, est le type même des facultés que l'on doit voir se développer avec l'entraînement et qu'il devient presque impossible de faire progresser plus tard ; il y a donc un danger certain à supprimer, comme on l'a fait parfois, les exercices qui y font appel - même si leur utilité immédiate n'apparaît pas ; tels sont les textes appris par coeur, le vocabulaire dans les langues, les faits historiques, les données chimiques, les tables de multiplication ...
Qu'une mémoire précise et étendue facilite le raisonnement est, au demeurant, d'une évidence admise dans tous les romans policiers . Leurs énigmes se trouvent résolues en associant divers indices mémorisés . Par cette capacité de rapprocher des contenus apparemment très éloignés les uns des autres, par analogies opérées sur de nombreuses informations accumulées, , l'esprit humain surclassera, pour longtemps encore, les ordinateurs . Bien éloignée des automatismes, cette capacité de mémorisation associative est à cultiver soigneusement .
3 -L'impassibilité : la maîtrise de soi est une qualité ( propriété, caractère, vertu , de quelle espèce, de quelle nature , dont nous avons déjà parlé dans plusieurs billets) plutôt qu'une faculté ( capacité , possibilité de faire, dispositions , pouvoir ) ; mais c'est une qualité qui s'acquiert et qui ouvre à son tour des possibilités diverses . Elle peut se développer par une pratique du sport en équipe, que nous devrions savoir mieux intégrer dans les activités scolaires ; elle peut aussi se cultiver dans l'apprentissage d'un métier manuel, du chant choral ou de la musique d'ensemble .
Elle est apparentée à l'attention (l'enfant domine sa tendance à la distraction) .Elle l'est aussi au jugement (l'enfant domine sa tendance à n'écouter que la voix de la sympathie ou de l'antipathie ) . Elle doit lui permettre aussi de supporter les autres, même s'ils ne lui plaisent pas - ce qui est le début de la vie en société .Et déjà elle mène à un dernier aspect de la formation que doit fournir l'enseignement et qui est, lui, d'ordre moral .
(voir la suite 3) Bien à vous, Gerboise .
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